CONTENTS
PREFACE ……………...2
INTRODUCTION ………………8
BASIC AERODYNAMICS….8
Aircraft reference axes
The source of aerodynamic loads
Lift production Aerodynamic drag
Aerodynamic pitching moments
The flight envelope
DESIGN AND REQUIREMENTS OF COMBAT AIRCRAFT ….21
Preliminary design
The requirements of combat aircraft
Classification of combat aircraft
CHAPTER 1: WING DESIGN……..26
INTRODUCTION…..26
AEROFOIL SECTIONS…..26
Terminology
Aerofoil thickness
Shock stall
Advanced and supercritical sections
Camber
Wing twist
WING PLANFORM…..37
Aspect ratio
Wing size
Wing tip shape
Taper ratio
SWEPT WINGS….42
The birth of sweepback
The benefits of sweepback
The penalties of sweepback
DELTA WINGS….52
The birth of the delta planform
Advantages of the delta as seen in the 1950s
Disadvantages of the delta
Artificial stability leads to the renaissance of the delta
Compound-sweep deltas
VARIABLE-SWEEP WINGS….. 63
Variable sweep leaves the nest
Mission requirements demanding variable sweep
The fundamental drawback: excessive longitudinal stability
Sweep control
Features specific to variable-sweep aircraft
The weight penalty of variable sweep
FORWARD-SWEPT WINGS…. 72
Aeroelastic tailoring
Advantages of forward sweep
HIGH-LIFT DEVICES ….75
The need
Leading-edge devices
Trailing-edge flaps
Sizing of high-lift devices
MANOEUVRABILITY….82
The requirements
The flow over swept wings
Buffeting
Lateral/directional instability
Improving the high-AOA characteristics of the basic wing
LATERAL CONTROL…97
Rolling motion of an aircraft
Rolling performance requirements
Ailerons
Spoilers
Differential tailplanes
DIHEDRAL, ANHEDRAL AND VERTICAL WING POSITION….102
Lateral stability
Dihedral and anhedral
Vertical wing position
Combined effects
Other design factors influencing wing position
"AERODYNAMIC CRUTCHES"……….106
Wing fences
Sawteeth
Notches
Vortex generators
CHAPTER 2: AIR INTAKES……..110
INTRODUCTION…..110
THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF AIR INTAKES…….110
INTAKE DESIGN CRITERIA……111
Total pressure recovery
Distortion
Dynamic distortion
Spillage drag or cowl lip suction?
Boundary-layer diverter and bleed drag
Intake buzz and bypass drag
Flight and operational safety
INTAKE DESIGN FEATURES….114
Intake size
Cowl lip shape:
fixed profile, variable-radius inlet, suck-in doors
Intake shape
Sideplates
Intake boundary-layer management
Engine bypass systems
Intake duct length and shape
INTAKE LOCATION….123
Nose intakes, wing-root leading-edge intakes, side intakes, shielded side intakes, ventral intakes, dorsal intakes, underwing intakes
INTAKE TYPE….128
Compression surfaces
External versus external/internal intakes
SUPERSONIC VARIABLE-GEOMETRY INTAKES…..132
Contribution to pressure recovery Mass-flow control:
Intake behaviour as mass flow is varied Intake buzz
Coping with mass-flow variations
Means of varying inlet capture area
Variable geometry for high-AOA flight
ENGINES….138
Engine location
Engine number
Engine type
CHAPTER 3: FUSELAGE DESIGN…..141
INTRODUCTION….141
NOSE AND FORWARD FUSELAGE…..141
Forebody shaping:
Forward camber
Forebody length and shape with
reference to high-AOA flight
Nose shape as influenced by radar and
laser-ranging installations
Crew accommodation influences
CENTRE FUSELAGE…..148
Volume requirements
Wing/body blending
The Area Rule:
The Supersonic Area
Rule Differential area-ruling
Applications of the area rule
REAR FUSELAGE….162
Fuselage length
CHAPTER 4: TAILPLANES (HORIZONTAL STABILISERS)…..162
INTRODUCTION….162
THE FUNCTION OF TAILPLANES….162
Longitudinal stability
Stability margins
TAILPLANE SIZING…..164
Limiting CG positions
Trim drag
INFLUENCES ON TAIL EFFECTIVENESS…..166
Downwash
Compressibility effects
Aeroelastic effects
Store wake and forebody effects
TAILPLANE LOCATION….168
Vertical position Fore-and-aft position
TAILPLANE SHAPE….172
THE ALL-MOVING TAILPLANE…..173
A historical perspective
CONTROL-CONFIGURED VEHICLES….175
Active control technology Stability augmentation and relaxed static stability
FOREPLANES….180
Attractions of the canard layout
Adverse effects of the foreplane
Recent applications
Artificial stability and the foreplane
CHAPTER 5: FINS (VERTICAL STABILISERS)…..185
INTRODUCTION…..185
THE FUNCTION AND SIZING OF FINS …..185
The need Fin area requirements
INFLUENCES ON FIN EFFECTIVENESS…..190
Compressibility effects
Flight at high AOA
FIN POSITION AND SHAPE……..195
Location (fore and aft) Fin shape Ventral fins or strakes
RUDDERS….198
Design factors
CHAPTER 6: EXHAUST NOZZLES AND AFT-BODY SHAPE…..201
INTRODUCTION…..201
CONVERGENT NOZZLES…..201
CONVERGENT-DIVERGENT NOZZLES…..202
The need for a diverging section
Evolution of the convergent-divergent nozzle:
Ejector nozzles
Variable-geometry con-di nozzles
THRUST VECTORING….207
Thrust reversers
Thrust vectoring in flight
Two-dimensional thrust-vectoring nozzles
AFT-BODY SHAPE….211
Tail-end design
REFERENCES …..219
INDEX….221